vitamin d and glutathione Stimulates Regulatory Glucose-Metabolism Genes, Lowers Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Increases 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Blood: A Novel Approach to Treat 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency Antioxidant Functions of Vitamin

vitamin d and glutathione Stimulates Regulatory Glucose-Metabolism Genes, Lowers Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Increases 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Blood: A Novel Approach to Treat 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency Antioxidant Functions of Vitamin

Antioxidant Functions of Vitamin D and CYP11A1-Derived Vitamin D, Tachysterol, and Lumisterol Metabolites: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions

Supplementary Table S1 (Supplementary Data are available online at www.liebertpub.com/ars) shows that 25(OH)VD has a negative association with IR ( r = −0.28, p = 0.04)

Supplementary Material Abbreviations Used 1,25(OH) 2 VD 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 25(OH)VD 25-hydroxyvitamin D ANOVA analysis of variance BMI body mass index BW body weight cDNA complementary DNA CT threshold cycle CYP cytochrome P450 enzymes DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GCL glutamate-cysteine ligase GCLC glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLM glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit GLUT-4 glucose transporter type 4 GSH glutathione GM growth medium HFD high-fat diet HOMA homeostatic model assessment HPLC high performance liquid chromatography IR insulin resistance KD knockdown LC L-cysteine MDA malondialdehyde NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor OO olive oil PCR polymerase chain reaction PGC-1α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PTH parathyroid hormone RXRα retinoic X receptor TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha VD vitamin D VDBP vitamin D binding protein VDR vitamin D receptor Footnotes * Acknowledgments The authors are supported by grants from NIH (R01 AT007442) and the Malcolm Feist Endowed Chair in Diabetes